26 research outputs found
Data Augmentation Methods of Parameter Identification of a Dynamic Model for Harbor Maneuvers
A dynamic model for an automatic berthing and unberthing controller has to
estimate harbor maneuvers, which include berthing, unberthing, approach
maneuvers to berths, and entering and leaving the port. When the dynamic model
is estimated by the system identification, a large number of tests or trials
are required to measure the various motions of harbor maneuvers. However, the
amount of data that can be obtained is limited due to the high costs and
time-consuming nature of full-scale ship trials. In this paper, we improve the
generalization performance of the dynamic model for the automatic berthing and
unberthing controller by introducing data augmentation. This study used slicing
and jittering as data augmentation methods and confirmed their effectiveness by
numerical experiments using the free-running model tests. The dynamic model is
represented by a neural network-based model in numerical experiments. Results
of numerical experiments demonstrated that slicing and jittering are effective
data augmentation methods but could not improve generalization performance for
extrapolation states of the original dataset.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, Submitted to Journal of Marine Science and
Technolog
A study on the implementation of nonlinear Kalman filter applying MMG model
Many technologies need to be established to realize autonomous ships. In particular, accurate state estimation in real time is one of the most important technologies. In the ship and ocean engineering fields, there have been many studies on state estimation using nonlinear Kalman filters. Several methods have been proposed for nonlinear Kalman filters. However, there is insufficient verification on the selection of which filter should be applied among them. Therefore, this study aims to validate the filter selection to provide a guideline for filter selection. The effects of modeling error, observation noise, and type of maneuvers on the estimation accuracy of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) used in this study were investigated. In addition, it was verified whether filtering could be performed in real time. The results show that modeling error significantly impacts the estimation accuracy of the UKF and EnKF. However, the observation noise and types of maneuvers did not have an impact like the modeling error. Thus, we obtained the guideline that UKF and EnKF should be used differently depending on the required computation time. We also obtained that keeping the modeling error sufficiently small is essential to improving the estimation accuracy.The version of record of this article, first published in Journal of Marine Science and Technology (Japan), is available online at Publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-023-00953-
Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy with Worst-Case Ranking Approximation for Min--Max Optimization and its Application to Berthing Control Tasks
In this study, we consider a continuous min--max optimization problem
whose objective
function is a black-box. We propose a novel approach to minimize the worst-case
objective function directly using a covariance matrix
adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) in which the rankings of solution
candidates are approximated by our proposed worst-case ranking approximation
(WRA) mechanism. We develop two variants of WRA combined with CMA-ES and
approximate gradient ascent as numerical solvers for the inner maximization
problem. Numerical experiments show that our proposed approach outperforms
several existing approaches when the objective function is a smooth strongly
convex--concave function and the interaction between and is strong. We
investigate the advantages of the proposed approach for problems where the
objective function is not limited to smooth strongly convex--concave functions.
The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated in the robust
berthing control problem with uncertainty.ngly convex--concave functions. The
effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated in the robust berthing
control problem with uncertainty
Collision probability reduction method for tracking control in automatic docking/berthing using reinforcement learning
Automation of berthing maneuvers in shipping is a pressing issue as the berthing maneuver is one of the most stressful tasks seafarers undertake. Berthing control problems are often tackled by tracking a predefined trajectory or path. Maintaining a tracking error of zero under an uncertain environment is impossible; the tracking controller is nonetheless required to bring vessels close to desired berths. The tracking controller must prioritize the avoidance of tracking errors that may cause collisions with obstacles. This paper proposes a training method based on reinforcement learning for a trajectory tracking controller that reduces the probability of collisions with static obstacles. Via numerical simulations, we show that the proposed method reduces the probability of collisions during berthing maneuvers. Furthermore, this paper shows the tracking performance in a model experiment.The version of record of this article, first published in Journal of Marine Science and Technology (Japan), is available online at Publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-023-00962-
Collision probability reduction method for tracking control in automatic docking / berthing using reinforcement learning
Automation of berthing maneuvers in shipping is a pressing issue as the
berthing maneuver is one of the most stressful tasks seafarers undertake.
Berthing control problems are often tackled via tracking a predefined
trajectory or path. Maintaining a tracking error of zero under an uncertain
environment is impossible; the tracking controller is nonetheless required to
bring vessels close to desired berths. The tracking controller must prioritize
the avoidance of tracking errors that may cause collisions with obstacles. This
paper proposes a training method based on reinforcement learning for a
trajectory tracking controller that reduces the probability of collisions with
static obstacles. Via numerical simulations, we show that the proposed method
reduces the probability of collisions during berthing maneuvers. Furthermore,
this paper shows the tracking performance in a model experiment.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figures, Submitted to Journal of Marine Science and
Technolog
On Neural Network Identification for Low-Speed Ship Maneuvering Model
Several studies on ship maneuvering models have been conducted using captive
model tests or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and physical models, such as
the maneuvering modeling group (MMG) model. A new system identification method
for generating a low-speed maneuvering model using recurrent neural networks
(RNNs) and free running model tests is proposed in this study. We especially
focus on a low-speed maneuver such as the final phase in berthing to achieve
automatic berthing control. Accurate dynamic modeling with minimum modeling
error is highly desired to establish a model-based control system. We propose a
new loss function that reduces the effect of the noise included in the training
data. Besides, we revealed the following facts - an RNN that ignores the memory
before a certain time improved the prediction accuracy compared with the
"standard" RNN, and the random maneuver test was effective in obtaining an
accurate berthing maneuver model. In addition, several low-speed free running
model tests were performed for the scale model of the M.V. Esso Osaka. As a
result, this paper showed that the proposed method using a neural network model
could accurately represent low-speed maneuvering motions.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Journal of Marine Science and
Technology for peer-revie
Randomized Teriparatide [Human Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) 1–34] Once-Weekly Efficacy Research (TOWER) Trial for Examining the Reduction in New Vertebral Fractures in Subjects with Primary Osteoporosis and High Fracture Risk
Context: Weekly teriparatide injection at a dose of 56.5 μg has been shown to increase bone mineral density. Objective: A phase 3 study was conducted to determine the efficacy of once-weekly teriparatide injection for reducing the incidence of vertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Design and Setting: In this randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in Japan, the incidence of morphological vertebral fractures by radiographs was assessed. Patients: Subjects were 578 Japanese patients between the ages of 65 and 95 yr who had prevalent vertebral fracture. Intervention: Subjects were randomly assigned to receive once-weekly sc injections of teriparatide (56.5 μg) or placebo for 72 wk. Main Outcome Measure: The primary endpoint was the incidence of new vertebral fracture. Results: Once-weekly injections of teriparatide reduced the risk of new vertebral fracture with a cumulative incidence of 3.1% in the teriparatide group, compared with 14.5% in the placebo group (P < 0.01), and a relative risk of 0.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.09 to 0.45). At 72 wk, teriparatide administration increased bone mineral density by 6.4, 3.0, and 2.3% at the lumbar spine, the total hip, and the femoral neck, respectively, compared with the placebo (P < 0.01). Adverse events (AE) and the dropout rates by AE were more frequently experienced in the teriparatide group, but AE were generally mild and tolerable. Conclusion: Weekly sc administration of teriparatide at a dose of 56.5 μg may provide another option of anabolic treatments in patients with osteoporosis at higher fracture risk
Achieving LDL cholesterol target levels <1.81 mmol/L may provide extra cardiovascular protection in patients at high risk: Exploratory analysis of the Standard Versus Intensive Statin Therapy for Patients with Hypercholesterolaemia and Diabetic Retinopathy study
Aims To assess the benefits of intensive statin therapy on reducing cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated with hyperlipidaemia and retinopathy in a primary prevention setting in Japan. In the intension-to-treat population, intensive therapy [targeting LDL cholesterol = 2.59 to = 100 to = 2.59 to <3.10 mmol/L in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and diabetic retinopathy